The Importance Of Current Sense Resistor In Switch Mode Power Supply

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Current sense resistor is usually located in the switch mode power
supply section. Newer version of monitor-the b+ (boost) circuit
also have this current sense resistor. If you repair electronic
equipment especially the switch mode power supplies, the current
sensing resistor is connected to the source pin of power FET (field
effect transistor) and the other end to HOT GROUND. The value of
current sense resistor is in the range of 0.1 ohm to about 1 ohm.
The values are depends on the design of each power supply.

In monitor power supply where pulse width modulation (pwm) ic UC3842
are used. Pin 3 of this power ic is called I-sense which means
current sense and this pin is connected to source pin of POWER FET.
The purpose of this current sense circuit is for overcurrent protection.
This circuit usually samples the voltage drop across a resistor in series
with the switching fet transistor. If the current rises abnormally due to
some short circuit in the secondary side such as a shorted secondary diode
or horizontal output transistor (HOT), the voltage will exceed a reference
level and shutdown the pulse generator which is the PWM ic. This circuit
provides protection to components in the event a problem occurs.
In some cases where overload happen-the power section will blow and
most of the time the components changed are fuse, power fet, pwm ic,
zener diode and current sense resistor.

Do you know that a small change in this current sense resistor value
have a great impact on the secondary output? A little change in value
say from 0.22 ohm to 0.44 ohm can caused your ouput voltage to drop
into half! I have seen a lot of repairer can't detect this type of
problem (low output voltage) due to that they used analog or digital
meter that don't have the low ohms range. You can't differentiate
if the low ohms resistor has its value changed by using normal meters.
I personally use the Dick Smith ESR Meter which have the capabilities
to check resistor value down to 0.01 ohm! If you don't have this
special meter you may just direct replace the current sense resistor
to see if the generated secondary output will back to normal voltage.

Another tip is that if the current sense resistor in the monitor
B+ circuit have changed value it will caused the output in the
boost circuit to become low and you will have a small width display
and of course the high voltage will become low as well. Instead of
24Kv it becomes 15-18Kv.

Jestine Yong is a electronic repairer and a writer. For more information on electronic repair please visit his website at http://www.noahtec.com/electronic-repair-articles.htm

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5 Reasons Why You Can Make A Lot Of Money With Your Own Internet Radio Station

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Because of these new advances in technology and the availability of sites such as BlogTalkRadio, Speaker.com and uBroadcast, it's now easy, affordable and lucrative to start and run your on web radio station. I can think of many, many reasons why someone would want to start their own online radio station as their primary home based business. However, I'll give you just 5 below which I'm sure will get you thinking.

1. Though starting an online radio station of your own CAN require costly materials such as microphones, mixers, headphones, a station website and server space, there are ways you can eliminate all of these costs and materials. By creating your own online radio show with BlogTalkRadio.com or a comparable platform, you can have your web radio station up and running and earning you money within a matter of hours for free.

2. Once you have your own radio show, celebrities and the rich and famous will tend to seek YOU out! When you're a host of your own radio show, you'll be able to invite all kinds of interesting and well-known people to be on your show. Steve Harrison has a publication RTIR (Radio and TV Interview Report) that you can get signed up for at his web site, and he'll send you contact information on how to get famous guests and writers on your internet radio show.

3. People buy products that are endorsed by the famous and who know famous people! So, imagine that your doing your radio show on the net; You cut for a short commercial break. The music fades out and a wonderful commercial plugs your new ebook, your service, and your name. And voila! Your bank account grows. Because you can utilize celebrity endorsements, you now have greater credibility to sell your products or services on your own radio show.

4. With your own radio show you can use affiliates ads to get companies to send you cheques. It works like this: You join an affiliate program and place banner ads on your website where your radio show is broadcast from. The banners earn you money whenever they're clicked or when the products sell. The affiliate company tracks the click-through from your site by a code put into cookies, and you are mailed a cheque for your commission on the sales. You can also promote affiliate products on your show, giving you an additional way to promote the product and increase your sales.

5. The big money will eventually come from advertising. Now you can, as they say, do the math yourself. If you were on normal radio, it might cost you hundreds of thousands of dollars to find and develop relationships with advertisers, and then create the ads for them. But, by being on the internet, blogging, my-space, and through other PR techniques, you got a good amount of listeners and advertisers will seek you out. And, when you do decide to approach companies with an advertising program proposal, all those listeners you've accumulated will help you impress your prospective advertiser.

So let's look at some numbers. We'll assume for this example that your show is one hour long. Now you're not talking for the whole hour, you're playing music and ads and news pieces in between talking segments. That's where more money comes in for you. You can sell your advertising time for a few dollars. One 60 second spot on one show on the Radio Internet Broadcast Network (RIBN) nationally costs over $1400.00.

So let's say you decide to sell your ad time at RIBN (Radio Internet Broadcast Network) for $600.00 a minute. RIBN puts the ad in for you and you get it all produced with little effort on your part other that finding some advertisers and talking on your show. RIBN gives you 10 minutes for your own ad time on your show. Other companies have other offers and charge more for their show time on the net (some even charge as much as $10,000.00 a show). So to add up your 10 minutes at your price per spot the total is $6,000.00 a show! Now last time I checked there are 52 weeks in a year. 52 times $6,000.00 equals:

That's $312,000.00 a year!

So you see, there are actually hundreds of thousands of reasons to start your own internet radio station:-)

If you take your internet radio business seriously, and if you enjoy music, talking and learning, there could be an amazing future for you in this business. And if you would like more details on the specifics of starting your own internet radio station, I recommend you read Your Internet Radio Station.

Written by T. L. Gillis,

Publisher of WildRose Publishing, 1000 Home Business Ideas and 1000 Ways To Make Money, 1000 Traffic Generation Ideas. Terry L. Gillis is a psychologist, author and entrepreneur who has been advising individuals on business matters for over two decades. If you're thinking of starting a home business, visit 1000 Home Business Ideas for a new home business idea, overview, tips & resources every day.

(c)2011. WildRose Publishing - T.L. Gillis. All Rights Reserved.
This article may be reproduced as long as this resource box is included.

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Global Trend - The Use of Electronic Devices When Paying With Debit and Credit Card

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When making payments both online and offline, the trend is to now pay with credit cards and debit cards. Much of this is due to the fact that they are quick, convenient, and they allow you much more freedom when it comes to purchasing. In the case of credit cards, individuals are able to get rewards and they can buy now, pay later. When it comes to debit cars, the funds are directly deducted from a checking account instead of having to pay cash.
Online
When paying online, the only way to do it is to use a credit or debit card. That's unless the merchant will accept payment from a service such as PayPal, or they have a system in place that enables you to send them a check for the purchase amount. But it is fair to say that most businesses will utilize a credit card system. They usually have merchant accounts set up online so that they don't have to use any electronic devices to process credit card payments. It is all done automatically.
The only time that an online merchant may use a device is if they have a generic system set up where you enter your credit card number and they have to enter it manually on their end when they get it. This is not something you will find often and is actually something that you should look out for when doing online transactions. You want to do transactions with a site that is secure. If you see "HTTPS://" in the address bar, then you know you are doing business with a secure website.
Offline
In the offline world is where you will see electronic devices used to make credit card payments. When you go to the grocery store or your local department store, you probably scan your credit or debit card through a machine that is right there at the checkout. The clerk has no need to see your card. Sometimes they will request your ID so that they can match up the signature on their screen with the signature on your ID to ensure you are who you say you are. This is actually a good system because no one touches your card other than you. This reduces the chance of clerks using skimmers to duplicate the information in the magnetic strip of your card.
The alternative is the built-in equipment. This is credit card processing machinery that is built into the cash register. The clerk takes the card, looks at the signature on the back of the card, scans it, and then looks at your ID or compares your signature on the credit card slip to the one on the ID.
But there is another alternative and that is the standalone machine that virtually any merchant can use. There are a lot of mom and pop stores and restaurants using these machines. They connect them to their phone lines and scan the card through. Each transaction results in a charge for them so that the company providing the machine makes a profit. When a business is not part of a larger chain that uses a universal system, this is a great solution because it grows business, is convenient for the customer, and is also convenient for the business in that things such as tipping is made much easier.
So if you are not using a point of sale credit card machine, then it is time to start using one. Most individuals now become irritated when they come across a business not taking credit and debt cards, so make sure you can cater to that.

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The Role Of Electronic Media In Communication

* Ads by Google Human Capital Management Improve outcomes using integrated workforce management solutions. www.apihealthcare.com Electronic media played a very vital role in communication. It played an important role in highlighting problems in society either through Entertainment Dramas or through News, Electronic Media is a source for common people through which they can raise their voice and highlight different issues they want Government to resolve. Electronic Media has influenced people in developing change in attitude towards different situations. Electronic communication has contributed a lot in business environment. They made business meetings through Video, possible and communicating messages between employees like notices etc possible. Electronic Media also made possible communication between employees sitting in different branches and thus developing an organization more into community with people facing similar tasks. Visit this Blurtit Question for more-Can You Write A Short Note On "Role Of Electronic Communication In Modern Office"? Also visit following Blurtit questions: What Is The Role Of Electronic Media In Communication? What is the impact of communication on management trends and how does electronic communication is playing role in business activities? What Is The Role Of Electronic Media In Today's Society? Anonymous Report Was this answer helpful? Yes | No * Ads by Google Information Security Asia's Leading Security Company. MSS, ISO 27001, Security Audit www.xynexis.com * Novartis Fed. Initiative Arturo Morales to Present at CHI's Tri-Con 2012 www.triconference.com/ird Electronic media played a very vital role in communication. Electronic communication has contributed a lot in business environment. They made business meetings through Video, possible and communicating messages between employees like notices etc possible. Electronic Media also made possible communication between employees sitting in different branches and thus developing an organization more into community with people facing similar tasks. Visit this Blurtit Question for more-Can You Write A Short Note On "Role Of Electronic Communication In Modern Office"? It played an important role in highlighting problems in society either through Entertainment Dramas or through News, Electronic Media is a source for common people through which they can raise their voice and highlight different issues they want Government to resolve. Electronic Media has influenced people in developing change in attitude towards different situations. Source: http://www.blurtit.com/q398993.html * Terms of Use * Privacy Policy * Content Disclaime

20 THINGS YOU CAN DO TO CONSERVE ENERGY

Whenever you save energy, you not only save money, you also reduce the demand for such fossil fuels as coal, oil, and natural gas. Less burning of fossil fuels also means lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary contributor to global warming, and other pollutants. You do not have to do without to achieve these savings. There is now an energy efficient alternative for almost every kind of appliance or light fixture. That means that consumers have a real choice and the power to change their energy use on a revolutionary scale. The average American produces about 40,000 pounds of CO2 emissions per year. Together, we use nearly a million dollars worth of energy every minute, night and day, every day of the year. By exercising even a few of the following steps, you can cut your annual emissions by thousands of pounds and your energy bills by a significant amount! Home appliances 1. Turn your refrigerator down. Refrigerators account for about 20% of Household electricity use. Use a thermometer to set your refrigerator temperature as close to 37 degrees and your freezer as close to 3 degrees as possible. Make sure that its energy saver switch is turned on. Also, check the gaskets around your refrigerator/freezer doors to make sure they are clean and sealed tightly. 2. Set your clothes washer to the warm or cold water setting, not hot. Switching from hot to warm for two loads per week can save nearly 500 pounds of CO2 per year if you have an electric water heater, or 150 pounds for a gas heater. 3. Make sure your dishwasher is full when you run it and use the energy saving setting, if available, to allow the dishes to air dry. You can also turn off the drying cycle manually. Not using heat in the drying cycle can save 20 percent of your dishwasher's total electricity use. 4. Turn down your water heater thermostat. Thermostats are often set to 140 degrees F when 120 is usually fine. Each 10 degree reduction saves 600 pounds of CO2 per year for an electric water heater, or 440 pounds for a gas heater. If every household turned its water heater thermostat down 20 degrees, we could prevent more than 45 million tons of annual CO2 emissions - the same amount emitted by the entire nations of Kuwait or Libya. 5. Select the most energy-efficient models when you replace your old appliances. Look for the Energy Star Label - your assurance that the product saves energy and prevents pollution. Buy the product that is sized to your typical needs - not the biggest one available. Front loading washing machines will usually cut hot water use by 60 to 70% compared to typical machines. Replacing a typical 1973 refrigerator with a new energy-efficient model, saves 1.4 tons of CO2 per year. Investing in a solar water heater can save 4.9 tons of CO2 annually. Home Heating and Cooling 6. Be careful not to overheat or overcool rooms. In the winter, set your thermostat at 68 degrees in daytime, and 55 degrees at night. In the summer, keep it at 78. Lowering your thermostat just two degrees during winter saves 6 percent of heating-related CO2 emissions. That's a reduction of 420 pounds of CO2 per year for a typical home. 7. Clean or replace air filters as recommended. Energy is lost when air conditioners and hot-air furnaces have to work harder to draw air through dirty filters. Cleaning a dirty air conditioner filter can save 5 percent of the energy used. That could save 175 pounds of CO2 per year. Small investments that pay off 8. Buy energy-efficient compact fluorescent bulbs for your most-used lights. Although they cost more initially, they save money in the long run by using only 1/4 the energy of an ordinary incandescent bulb and lasting 8-12 times longer. They provide an equivalent amount of bright, attractive light. Only 10% of the energy consumed by a normal light bulb generates light. The rest just makes the bulb hot. If every American household replaced one of its standard light bulbs with an energy efficient compact fluorescent bulb, we would save the same amount of energy as a large nuclear power plant produces in one year. In a typical home, one compact fluorescent bulb can save 260 pounds of CO2 per year. 9. Wrap your water heater in an insulating jacket, which costs just $10 to $20. It can save 1100 lbs. of CO2 per year for an electric water heater, or 220 pounds for a gas heater. 10. Use less hot water by installing low-flow shower heads. They cost just $10 to $20 each, deliver an invigorating shower, and save 300 pounds of CO2 per year for electrically heated water, or 80 pounds for gas-heated water. 11. Weatherize your home or apartment, using caulk and weather stripping to plug air leaks around doors and windows. Caulking costs less than $1 per window, and weather stripping is under $10 per door. These steps can save up to 1100 pounds of CO2 per year for a typical home. Ask your utility company for a home energy audit to find out where your home is poorly insulated or energy inefficient. This service may be provided free or at low cost. Make sure it includes a check of your furnace and air conditioning. Getting around 12. Whenever possible, walk, bike, car pool, or use mass transit. Every gallon of gasoline you save avoids 22 pounds of CO2 emissions. If your car gets 25 miles per gallon, for example, and you reduce your annual driving from 12,000 to 10,000 miles, you'll save 1800 pounds of CO2. 13. When you next buy a car, choose one that gets good mileage. If your new car gets 40 miles per gallon instead of 25, and you drive 10,000 miles per year, you'll reduce your annual CO2 emissions by 3,300 pounds. Reduce, reuse, recycle 14. Reduce the amount of waste you produce by buying minimally packaged goods, choosing reusable products over disposable ones, and recycling. For every pound of waste you eliminate or recycle, you save energy and reduce emissions of CO2 by at least 1 pound. Cutting down your garbage by half of one large trash bag per week saves at least 1100 pounds of CO2 per year. Making products with recycled materials, instead of from scratch with raw materials, uses 30 to 55% less for paper products, 33% less for glass, and a whopping 90% less for aluminum. 15. If your car has an air conditioner, make sure its coolant is recovered and recycled whenever you have it serviced. In the United States, leakage from auto air conditioners is the largest single source of emissions of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which damage the ozone layer as well as add to global warming. The CFCs from one auto air conditioner can add the equivalent of 4800 pounds of CO2 emissions per year. Home Improvements. When you plan major home improvements, consider some of these energy saving investments. They save money in the long run, and their CO2 savings can often be measured in tons per year. 16. Insulate your walls and ceilings. This can save 20 to 30 percent of home heating bills and reduce CO2 emissions by 140 to 2100 pounds per year. If you live in a colder climate, consider superinsulating. That can save 5.5 tons of CO2 per year for gas-heated homes, 8.8 tons per year for oil heat, or 23 tons per year for electric heat. (If you have electric heat, you might also consider switching to more efficient gas or oil.) 17. Modernize your windows. Replacing all your ordinary windows with argon filled, double-glazed windows saves 2.4 tons of CO2 per year for homes with gas heat, 3.9 tons of oil heat, and 9.8 tons for electric heat. 18. Plant shade trees and paint your house a light color if you live in a warm climate, or a dark color if you live in a cold climate. Reductions in energy use resulting from shade trees and appropriate painting can save up to 2.4 tons of CO2 emissions per year. (Each tree also directly absorbs about 25 pounds of CO2 from the air annually.) Business and community 19. Work with your employer to implement these and other energy-efficiency and waste-reduction measures in your office or workplace. Form or join local citizens' groups and work with local government officials to see that these measures are taken in schools and public buildings. 20. Keep track of the environmental voting records of candidates for office. Stay abreast of environmental issues on both local and national levels, and write or call your elected officials to express your concerns about energy efficiency and global warming. Source :http://www.ecomall.com

www.exploratorium.edu

Aerodynamics Every bicyclist has to overcome wind resistance. Most recreational bicycles in which the rider sits up have very poor aerodynamics. While newer bicycles are being designed with better aerodynamics in mind, the human body is simply not well designed to slice through the air. Bicycle racers are aware of the problem of wind resistance and over the years have developed techniques for reducing it. Bicycle designers and inventors have experimented in developing alternative bicycle designs and HPVs (human- powered vehicles) with an emphasis on better aerodynamic performance. Charley "Mile-a-Minute" Murphy was an early cycling racer. His "mile-a-minute" feat was accomplished in 1899. At that time he traveled faster than the fastest automobile. Notice the large windscreen on the train in front of him which greatly reduced wind resistance. BICYCLE INSTITUTE OF AMERICA Wind Resistance Every cyclist who has ever pedaled into a stiff headwind knows about wind resistance. It's exhausting! In order to move forward, the cyclist must push through the mass of air in front of her. This takes energy. Aerodynmaic efficiency--a streamlined shape that cuts through the air more smoothly--enables a cyclist to travel much faster, with less effort. But the faster the cyclist goes, the more wind resistance he experiences, and the more energy he must exert to overcome it. When racing cyclists aim to reach high speeds, they focus not only on greater power, which has its human limitations, but also on greater aerodynamic efficiency. Aerodynamic drag consists of two forces: air pressure drag and direct friction (also known as surface friction or skin friction). A blunt, irregular object disturbs the air flowing around it, forcing the air to separate from the object's surface. Low pressure regions from behind the object result in a pressure drag against the object. With high pressure in the front, and low pressure behind, the cyclist is literally being pulled backwards. Streamlined designs help the air close more smoothly around these bodies and reduce pressure drag. Direct friction occurs when wind comes into contact with the outer surface of the rider and the bicycle. Racing cyclists often wear "skinsuits" in order to reduce direct friction. Direction friction is less of a factor than air pressure drag. On a flat road, aerodynamic drag is by far the greatest barrier to a cyclist's speed, accounting for 70 to 90 percent of the resistance felt when pedaling. The only greater obstacle is climbing up a hill: the effort needed to pedal a bike uphill against the force of gravity far outweighs the effect of wind resistance. Calculate the Aerodynamic Drag and Propulsive Power of a Bicyclist Fill in the information in the boxes. Velocity is your velocity (mi/hr) as read on a speedometer. + (plus) is forward - (minus) is backward. Wind velocity (mi/hr) is - (minus) if it is a tailwind, + (plus) if it is a headwind (relative to the ground). Weight is in pounds. Grade is the angle of the slope. 0 is flat, 90 is a vertical wall. Click on the "Calculate" button. Notice the drag force and power required to keep you moving at a constant velocity. This calculation requires a JavaScript-capable browser. Notes on the calculator: Please be aware that we've made some assumptions in order to simplify this calculation. For instance, this calculator does not take into account the body position (or size) of the rider in regard to wind resistance. In addition, other factors, such as the coefficient of friction are fixed. Also, if you put in "unrealistic" figures you will get unrealistic results. Finally, please be aware that the "Calories per minute" figure is assuming that the human body is 100 percent efficient--this is not the case (20 percent efficiency is closer). For a more accurate figure try multiplying the "Calories per minute" by a factor of five. Reducing resistance Frame builders and designers have been working on creating more aerodynamically efficient designs. Some recent designs have concentrated on shifting from round tubes to oval or tear-shaped tubes. There is a delicate balancing act between maintaining a good strength-to-weight ratio while improving aerodynamic efficiency. Improvements to wheels have made perhaps the biggest impact. A standard spoked wheel has been described as an "egg beater," creating many small eddies as the tire rotates--creating drag. Disc wheels, while generally heavier than their spoked counterparts, produce less wind drag and turbulence when they spin. Aerodynamic Frame This racing frame uses tear-shaped tubes to reduce drag. While improvements to frames and components have improved aerodynamic performance, the cyclist is the largest obstacle to dramatic improvement. The human body is not very streamlined. Body positioning is important; road cyclists use "drop bars" to allow themselves to reduce their frontal area, which helps reduce the amount of resistance they must overcome. Reducing the frontal area helps riders increase their speed and their efficiency over time. In addition to positioning, small details like clothing can also make a big difference in reducing "skin friction." Tight-fitting synthetic clothing is worn by almost every professional rider, both road and mountain. Many recreational riders are also wearing bicycle clothes for the improvement in aerodynamics as well as comfort. Aerodymanics Page: 1 of 2 Select "Forward" below to continue Bottom Navigation bar Source : © Exploratorium

http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com

broadcasting (redirected from TV transmission) Also found in: Dictionary/thesaurus, Legal, Wikipedia, Hutchinson 0.01 sec. Ads by Google Digital Analog Design News Read the Latest Electronics Design News & Daily Updates from EW- www.ElectronicsWeekly.com/Design Transmission Solenoids Rebuilt valve body-518-4l60e-saturn 01m-700r4-taat-46re-47re-48re-taat 800700tran.com Mercruiser Parts & Tools Tech advice, manuals Sterndrives and Engines sterndrives.com broadcasting, transmission of sound or images to a large number of receivers by radio or television. In the United States the first regularly scheduled radio broadcasts began in 1920 at 8XK (later KDKA) in Pittsburgh. The sale of advertising advertising, in general, any openly sponsored offering of goods, services, or ideas through any medium of public communication. At its inception advertising was merely an announcement; for example, entrepreneurs in ancient Egypt used criers to announce ship and cargo ..... Click the link for more information. was started in 1922, establishing commercial broadcasting as an industry. Radio became increasingly attractive as an advertising medium with the coming of network operation. A coast-to-coast hookup was tentatively effected early in 1924, and expansion of both audience and transmission facilities continued rapidly. By 1927 there were two major networks, and the number of stations had so increased that interference became a serious problem. Legislation (see Federal Communications Commission Federal Communications Commission (FCC), independent executive agency of the U.S. government established in 1934 to regulate interstate and foreign communications in the public interest. ..... Click the link for more information. ) designed to meet this problem was enacted, and the government has since maintained some control over the technical and business activities of the industry. By 2003, 4,804 commercial radio stations were operating in the original AM (amplitude modulation) broadcast band. Commercial broadcasting on the FM (frequency modulation) band began in 1941. The number of FM stations passed the number of AM in 1983; in 1998 there were 6,179 commercial FM stations on the air, and 2,400 noncommercial stations. Experiments in broadcasting television began in the 1920s but were interrupted by World War II. In 1996 there were 1,340 commercial television stations on the air, and 600 noncommercial stations. There were also more than 2,000 low-power television stations. The Corporation for Public Broadcasting was established in 1968 as a not-for-profit, nongovernmental agency to finance the growth of noncommercial radio and television; by 2003 the network served more than 200 television and nearly 800 radio stations. New and competing technologies have had a tremendous impact on broadcasting and the ways in which people use it. With the availability of small, high-quality portable and automotive receivers, it has been estimated that less than half of all radio listening takes place in the home. Cable television cable television, the transmission of televised images to viewers by means of coaxial cables. Cable systems receive the television signal, which is sent out over cables to individual subscribers, by a common antenna (CATV) or satellite dish. ..... Click the link for more information. , which reached more than 67% of all U.S. homes by 2003, gave consumers a wider choice of programs from which to choose. The new cable channels, most of them highly specialized in the programming they offer, coupled with the wide availability of videocassettes and DVDs, have reduced the influence of the broadcast networks. Television signals are also now transmitted from satellites direct to household satellite dishes. See radio radio, transmission or reception of electromagnetic radiation in the radio frequency range. The term is commonly applied also to the equipment used, especially to the radio receiver. ..... Click the link for more information. ; television television, transmission and reception of still or moving images by means of electrical signals, especially by means of electromagnetic radiation using the techniques of radio and by fiberoptic and coaxial cables. ..... Click the link for more information. . Bibliography See E. Barnouw, A History of Broadcasting in the United States (3 vol., 1966–70); J. R. Bittner, Broadcasting and Telecommunication: An Introduction (1985); S. J. Douglas, Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922 (1997); J. R. Walker and D. A. Ferguson, The Broadcast Television Industry (1998). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia® Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. www.cc.columbia.edu/cu/cup/ broadcasting Transmission of sound or images by radio or television. After Guglielmo Marconi's discovery of wireless broadcasting in 1901, radio broadcasting was undertaken by amateurs. The first U.S. commercial radio station, KDKA of Pittsburgh, began operation in 1920. The number of stations increased rapidly, as did the formation of national radio networks. To avoid radio monopolies, Congress passed the Radio Act of 1927, which created the Federal Communications Commission to oversee broadcast operations. In the 1930s and '40s, the “golden age of radio,” innovations in broadcast techniques and programming made radio the most popular entertainment medium. Television broadcasting began in Germany and Britain in the 1930s. After World War II, the U.S. took the lead, and television stations soon overshadowed radio networks. Color television broadcasts began in 1954 and became widespread in the 1960s. By the 1980s, satellite transmission of live television further expanded the field of broadcasting. See also ABC, BBC, CBS, CNN, NBC, PBS. For more information on broadcasting, visit Britannica.com. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Copyright © 1994-2008 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. How to thank TFD for its existence? Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, add the site to iGoogle, or visit webmaster's page for free fun content. Copyright © 2011 Farlex, Inc.